In my last post I discussed using coefplot on glmnet models and in particular discussed a brand new function, coefpath, that uses dygraphs to make an interactive visualization of the coefficient path.

Another new capability for version 1.2.5 of coefplot is the ability to show coefficient plots from xgboost models. Beyond fitting boosted trees and boosted forests, xgboost can also fit a boosted Elastic Net. This makes it a nice alternative to glmnet even though it might not have some of the same user niceties.

To illustrate, we use the same data as our previous post.

First, we load the packages we need and note the version numbers.

# list the packages that we load
# alphabetically for reproducibility
packages <- c('caret', 'coefplot', 'DT', 'xgboost')
# call library on each package
purrr::walk(packages, library, character.only=TRUE)

# some packages we will reference without actually loading
# they are listed here for complete documentation
packagesColon <- c('dplyr', 'dygraphs', 'knitr', 'magrittr', 'purrr', 'tibble', 'useful')

versions <- c(packages, packagesColon) %>% 
    purrr::map(packageVersion) %>% 
    purrr::map_chr(as.character)
packageDF <- tibble::data_frame(Package=c(packages, packagesColon), Version=versions) %>% 
    dplyr::arrange(Package)
knitr::kable(packageDF)

Package	Version
caret	6.0.78
coefplot	1.2.6
dplyr	0.7.4
DT	0.2
dygraphs	1.1.1.4
knitr	1.18
magrittr	1.5
purrr	0.2.4
tibble	1.4.2
useful	1.2.3
xgboost	0.6.4

Then, we read the data. The data are available at https://www.jaredlander.com/data/manhattan_Train.rds with the CSV version at data.world. We also get validation data which is helpful when fitting xgboost mdoels.

manTrain <- readRDS(url('https://www.jaredlander.com/data/manhattan_Train.rds'))
manVal <- readRDS(url('https://www.jaredlander.com/data/manhattan_Validate.rds'))

The data are about New York City land value and have many columns. A sample of the data follows. There’s an odd bug where you have to click on one of the column names for the data to display the actual data.

datatable(manTrain %>% dplyr::sample_n(size=1000), elementId='TrainingSampled',
              rownames=FALSE,
              extensions=c('FixedHeader', 'Scroller'),
              options=list(
                  scroller=TRUE
              ))

While glmnet automatically standardizes the input data, xgboost does not, so we calculate that manually. We use preprocess from caret to compute the mean and standard deviation of each numeric column then use these later.

preProc <- preProcess(manTrain, method=c('center', 'scale'))

Just like with glmnet, we need to convert our tbl into an X (predictor) matrix and a Y (response) vector. Since we don’t have to worry about multicolinearity with xgboost we do not want to drop the baselines of factors. We also take advantage of sparse matrices since that reduces memory usage and compute, even though this dataset is not that large.

In order to build the matrix and vector we need a formula. This could be built programmatically, but we can just build it ourselves. The response is TotalValue.

valueFormula <- TotalValue ~ FireService + ZoneDist1 + ZoneDist2 +
    Class + LandUse + OwnerType + LotArea + BldgArea + ComArea + ResArea +
    OfficeArea + RetailArea + NumBldgs + NumFloors + UnitsRes + UnitsTotal + 
    LotDepth + LotFront + BldgFront + LotType + HistoricDistrict + Built + 
    Landmark

manX <- useful::build.x(valueFormula, data=predict(preProc, manTrain),
                        # do not drop the baselines of factors
                        contrasts=FALSE,
                        # use a sparse matrix
                        sparse=TRUE)

manY <- useful::build.y(valueFormula, data=manTrain)

manX_val <- useful::build.x(valueFormula, data=predict(preProc, manVal),
                        # do not drop the baselines of factors
                        contrasts=FALSE,
                        # use a sparse matrix
                        sparse=TRUE)

manY_val <- useful::build.y(valueFormula, data=manVal)

There are two functions we can use to fit xgboost models, the eponymous xgboost and xgb.train. When using xgb.train we first store our X and Y matrices in a special xgb.DMatrix object. This is not a necessary step, but makes things a bit cleaner.

manXG <- xgb.DMatrix(data=manX, label=manY)
manXG_val <- xgb.DMatrix(data=manX_val, label=manY_val)

We are now ready to fit a model. All we need to do to fit a linear model instead of a tree is set booster='gblinear' and objective='reg:linear'.

mod1 <- xgb.train(
    # the X and Y training data
    data=manXG,
    # use a linear model
    booster='gblinear',
    # minimize the a regression criterion 
    objective='reg:linear',
    # use MAE as a measure of quality
    eval_metric=c('mae'),
    # boost for up to 500 rounds
    nrounds=500,
    # print out the eval_metric for both the train and validation data
    watchlist=list(train=manXG, validate=manXG_val),
    # print eval_metric every 10 rounds
    print_every_n=10,
    # if the validate eval_metric hasn't improved by this many rounds, stop early
    early_stopping_rounds=25,
    # penalty terms for the L2 portion of the Elastic Net
    lambda=10, lambda_bias=10,
    # penalty term for the L1 portion of the Elastic Net
    alpha=900000000,
    # randomly sample rows
    subsample=0.8,
    # randomly sample columns
    col_subsample=0.7,
    # set the learning rate for gradient descent
    eta=0.1
)

## [1]  train-mae:1190145.875000    validate-mae:1433464.750000 
## Multiple eval metrics are present. Will use validate_mae for early stopping.
## Will train until validate_mae hasn't improved in 25 rounds.
## 
## [11] train-mae:938069.937500 validate-mae:1257632.000000 
## [21] train-mae:932016.625000 validate-mae:1113554.625000 
## [31] train-mae:931483.500000 validate-mae:1062618.250000 
## [41] train-mae:931146.750000 validate-mae:1054833.625000 
## [51] train-mae:930707.312500 validate-mae:1062881.375000 
## [61] train-mae:930137.375000 validate-mae:1077038.875000 
## Stopping. Best iteration:
## [41] train-mae:931146.750000 validate-mae:1054833.625000

The best fit was arrived at after 41 rounds. We can see how the model did on the train and validate sets using dygraphs.

dygraphs::dygraph(mod1$evaluation_log)

We can now plot the coefficients using coefplot. Since xgboost does not save column names, we specify it with feature_names=colnames(manX). Unlike with glmnet models, there is only one penalty so we do not need to specify a specific penalty to plot.

coefplot(mod1, feature_names=colnames(manX), sort='magnitude')

This is another nice addition to coefplot utilizing the power of xgboost.

Jared Lander is the Chief Data Scientist of Lander Analytics a New York data science firm, Adjunct Professor at Columbia University, Organizer of the New York Open Statistical Programming meetup and the New York and Washington DC R Conferences and author of R for Everyone.